<Limits>
ProFTPD's <Limit> configuration sections allow for
powerful fine-grained control over who is allowed to use which FTP commands.
This power comes at the price of complexity, however. This document
describes some of the things to keep in mind when writing
<Limit> sections.
Precedence
Perhaps the hardest part of using <Limit> is understanding
its rules of precedence, which dictate which <Limit>'s
restrictions apply when. Precedence is discussed in the directive
documentation, and will be mentioned here. First, there are three types
of parameters in a <Limit> directive: "raw"
FTP commands, FTP command groups, and the ALL keyword.
"Raw" FTP commands are listed here, including
the RFC-mandated X-variant FTP commands, which are
often missing from a thorough <Limit> configuration.
The FTP command groups are:
<Limit>s that use "raw" FTP commands have
the highest precedence, followed by <Limit>s that use
the command groups, and, having the lowest precedence, the ALL
keyword. If a <Limit> has both "raw" commands
and command groups, then it boils down to the order of appearance of
<Limit> sections in proftpd.conf that
use the "raw" command in question.
SITE Commands
To apply a <Limit> to a SITE command, combine
"SITE" and the command (e.g. "CHMOD") by an
underscore ("_"), like so:
<Limit SITE_command>Thus, in order to place a limit on
SITE CHMOD, one would have:
<Limit SITE_CHMOD>
DenyAll
</Limit>
Inheritance
Most <Limit> sections appear within
<Directory> sections in proftpd.conf. This
means that, like the other <Directory> configuration
effects, the <Limit>s will be inherited by all subdirectories
that appear in the <Directory> path, unless explicitly
overridden by a "closer" <Limit> section.
This means that one could configure a <Limit> section
denying all FTP commands for all directories, and then explicitly allow
the READ or WRITE FTP command groups in appropriate
subdirectories (e.g. pub/ or incoming/
directories).
Using AllowUser
There is a catch to using the AllowUser configuration directive
that causes confusion, primarily when a single AllowUser
directive is being used to allow access to some FTP commands only to
certain users. ProFTPD uses the same function for parsing the
AllowUser and AllowGroup (and other) directives.
This function parses the list of names for such directives as a
Boolean AND list, which means that each name on the list must evaluate to
TRUE (must match) for the current user in order for the directive to apply.
For AllowGroup, this makes sense, and allows a great deal
of flexibility. However, it does not make sense for AllowUser,
because a user may not be multiple users at the same time. This is a known
issue, and a proper, thorough solution is being developed. In the meantime,
however, there is a workaround for allowing multiple users via the
AllowUser directive. Rather than listing the users using
a single AllowUser, using a separate AllowUser
for each user. For example, instead of:
AllowUser bob,dave,wendytry using:
AllowUser bob AllowUser dave AllowUser wendy
Using Order
One thing that sometimes trips up some administrators is the difference
between ProFTPD's and Apache's Order configuration directives.
For Apache, an Order of "Allow,Deny" means that
access is denied by default, unless an Allow directive
explicitly allows access; an Order of "Deny,Allow"
means that access is allowed by default, unless a Deny
directive explicitly denies access. This is different from ProFTPD, where
an Order of "Allow,Deny" allows access by
default, unless denied by a Deny directive; "Deny,Allow"
denies access by default, unless explicitly granted by an
Allow directive. The developers of ProFTPD felt their
interpretation to be the more "common sense" interpretation, even
though it does not match Apache's interpretation.
Examples
Here are examples to help illustrate the use of <Limit>.
First, a common configuration: an upload-only directory.
<Directory /path/to/uploads>
<Limit ALL>
DenyAll
</Limit>
<Limit CDUP CWD XCWD XCUP>
AllowAll
</Limit>
<Limit STOR STOU>
AllowAll
</Limit>
</Directory>
The first <Limit ALL> section blocks use of all FTP
commands within the /path/to/uploads directory. Having denied
use of all commands, we then proceed to define which commands can be
used. The CDUP and CWD commands (and their X
variants) should be allowed so that clients can change into and out of the
directory. Next, STOR and STOU are allowed, so that
clients can actually upload files into the directory (assuming that the
filesystem permissions allow for the client to write files in the directory
as well). The WRITE command group might have been used, but
that also allows things like creating and deleting subdirectories, which
is usually not wanted in an upload-only configuration.
This next example shows a "blind" directory, where clients can upload and download files from the directory, but they cannot see what is in the directory:
<Directory /path/to/dir>
<Limit LIST NLST>
DenyAll
</Limit>
</Directory>
That's it. By default, all commands are allowed in a directory. By blocking
the two FTP commands used to list a directory's contents (i.e.
LIST and NLST), we have effectively blocked the
client from seeing anything in the directory.
Cautious system administrators may want only a few select system users to be
able to connect to their proftpd server--all other users are
to be denied access. The LOGIN command group is designed for
just this scenario:
<Limit LOGIN>
AllowUser barb
AllowUser dave
AllowGroup ftpuser
DenyAll
</Limit>
This allows the users barb and dave, as well as
any user in the ftpuser group, to login. All other users will
be denied.
What if a site wished to allow only anonymous access? This would be
configured using the LOGIN command group, as above:
<Limit LOGIN>
DenyAll
</Limit>
<Anonymous ~ftp>
<Limit LOGIN>
AllowAll
</Limit>
...
</Anonymous>
The <Limit> section outside of the
<Anonymous> section denies logins to everyone. However,
the <Anonymous> section has a <Limit>
that allows everyone to login; anonymous logins are allowed, and non-anonymous
logins are denied.
Another related question often asked is "How can I limit a user to only
being able to login from a specific range of IP addresses?" The
<Limit LOGIN> can be used, in conjunction with the
mod_ifsession module and a
Class, to configure this:
<Class friends>
From 1.2.3.4/8
</Class>
<IfUser dave>
<Limit LOGIN>
AllowClass friends
DenyAll
</Limit>
</IfUser>
Note that the same effect can be achieved by using the
mod_wrap module to configure
user-specific allow/deny files.
In Apache, it is possible to configure password-protected directories.
Some sysadmins attempt to configure proftpd similarly, by
unsuccessfully attempting something like this in the
proftpd.conf file:
<Directory /some/path>
<Limit LOGIN>
DenyUser foo
</Limit>
</Directory>
The above will not work. FTP clients (unlike HTTP clients) login
to the server, not into specific directories.
One situation that often arises is one where the administrator would like to give users the ability to upload and dowload files from a given directory, but not to be able to delete files from that directory. This cannot be accomplished using normal Unix filesystem permissions, for if a user has write permission on a directory (necessary for uploading files to that directory) they also have delete permissions. In Unix, a directory file serves as a sort of "table of contents", tracking the files in the directory. Adding or removing a file are thus changes on the directory file, and do not involve checking the permissions on the file being added or removed. This is also how a non-root user can delete files that are owned by root and only have user-write permissions. So how then can a site be configured to allow writes but not deletes? By using a configuration similar to the following:
<Directory /path/to/dir>
<Limit DELE>
AllowUser ftpadm
DenyAll
</Limit>
</Directory>
This will allow the user ftpadm to delete files in the
/path/to/dir, but no other users.
The FTP protocol has two types of data transfers: active and passive. In
some configurations, only one type of transfer is allowed by the network
(e.g. active transfers should be denied because clients are sending
the wrong IP addresses). The ability to place a <Limit>
on the FTP commands response for active and passive data transfers was
added to ProFTPD in 1.2.10rc1. If you are using that version or later,
you can use the following to block active transfers:
<Limit PORT>
DenyAll
</Limit>
Or, conversely, to block passive data transfers:
<Limit PASV>
DenyAll
</Limit>